Christian Dargham (Norton Rose Fulbright) : expert conformité
Plus jeune Christian Dargham, qui est né et a grandi au Liban, voulait travailler dans la diplomatie. Aujourd’hui, à 47 ans, il est à la tête du département contentieux et compliance du bureau parisien de Norton Rose Fulbright. L’avocat-associé n’en est pas moins happé par ses sujets. Il faut dire qu’il a eu le nez creux, ou que le hasard a bien fait les choses (comme il le formule) puisqu'il s’est intéressé dès 2007 à la conformité. Un sujet qui à l’époque n’en était pas un en France. Depuis il y a eu les amendes imposées par les Américains aux sociétés françaises, le UK Bribery Act britannique ou encore la loi Sapin 2. Et sa matière est devenue incontournable.
Tout a commencé chez Clifford Chance. A la suite d’un arbitrage important, Christian Dargham se voit proposer de faire un "pitch" compliance pour une grande société française. Pitch qu’il remportera. Il travaillera ensuite pendant huit mois jours et nuits sur ce dossier afin d’accompagner son client. Christian Dargham n’a depuis cessé de développer la matière. Ses équipes font un travail de prévention, avec la mise en place de politiques, de conseils et de contrôles anti-corruption au sein des entreprises ou encore de formations aussi bien pour les comités exécutifs que pour les personnels sur le terrain.
Et le rôle des dirigeants est crucial : "Les juristes et compliance officers sont majoritairement convaincus mais l’impulsion doit venir d’en haut pour que les choses se fassent. Les dirigeants sont de plus en plus à l’écoute mais ils n’ont pas toujours conscience des besoins réels et parfois de l’impact que des violations peuvent avoir pour l'entreprise et pour eux-mêmes", constate l’avocat, qui souligne l’intérêt aussi compétitif de respecter les règles d’éthique. Christian Dargham accompagne également ses clients dans leurs contrôles par l’Agence française anticorruption et dans d’éventuelles poursuites.
Pour les entreprises, en matière de conformité, l’idéal est de compiler les mises en conformité les plus sévères avec les plus efficaces et de les appliquer à toute l’organisation, mais toujours en proportion avec leur taille. Ce travail d’accompagnement plaît à l’avocat. "Au-delà du droit, il faut connaître et identifier ce que veut le client, offrir des solutions pratiques en adéquation avec sa stratégie et son business", explique Christian Dargham. Qui précise qu’il faut savoir rester calme en toutes circonstances, tout en se mettant à la place de personnes qui jouent parfois gros.
Une inclinaison client qu’il a notamment développée grâce à Yves Wehrli, managing partner chez Clifford Chance, cabinet où Christian Dargham est resté 12 ans avant de rejoindre Norton en 2013. Ses expériences lui ont également appris l'humilité. Il se souvient ainsi d'avoir eu à donner, il y a quelques années, une formation anti-corruption à l'ensemble du personnel d'une JV d'un grand groupe dans un pays d'Afrique de l'Ouest. "J'arrivais avec mes certitudes de jeune avocat d'affaires international qui voulait donner des leçons de compliance au monde entier. A l'arrivée sur place, le douanier me dit d'un air menaçant 'pour sortir aujourd'hui, il faut payer'. J'étais bien ennuyé. Mon PowerPoint sur le FCPA ne m'a été d'aucun secours..."
Yves Wehrli a aussi été un exemple pour notre interlocuteur en termes de gestion d’équipes. Christian Dargham note d'ailleurs que les ego surdimensionnés sont de moins en moins acceptés dans les cabinets. Celui qui est également papa insiste sur l’importance d’être entouré de personnes certes compétentes mais aussi ouvertes d’esprit et respectueuses des autres, notamment pour ce qui est du temps dévolu à la vie privée en dehors des moments de surchauffe, même si cela peut donner l’impression d’être un poncif. L’associé apprécie également les sujets transfrontaliers : "Il faut savoir jongler avec différents systèmes juridiques et surtout les différentes cultures, même si les règles doivent être les mêmes pour tout le monde. De fait, les clients et avocats qui travaillent sur ces sujets-là sont généralement très ouverts".
De ses rencontres, Christian Dargham se souvient aussi de Jacques-Antoine Robert chez Archibald Andersen, où il est resté un an et demi avant de rejoindre Clifford. Hasard : peu après, Arthur Anderson sombrera. "Le scandale Enron a beaucoup marqué ma carrière. J'ai vu comment, en quelques semaines, Arthur Andersen s'est effondré partout dans le monde à cause de comportements déviants d'un petit nombre d'associés aux Etats-Unis". Bruno Celice lui a également beaucoup appris à la Cour de cassation, où Christian Dargham a commencé pendant ses études de droit à Sceaux. Une fonction qui lui a permis de gagner sa vie, lui qui avait quitté le Liban en première année de droit à cause de la guerre, mais aussi d’acquérir des automatismes. Dorénavant, c'est Christian Dargham qui enseigne, que ce soit à Sciences Po, à Paris II ou Cergy-Pontoise. Il est même intervenu à Beyrouth à l’université Saint-Joseph.
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