Macro-économie / Taux
Macro-économie / Taux
La Chine ressort gagnante malgré l'affaiblissement du commerce mondial
2020 a été une année noire pour le commerce mondial de marchandises en raison de la pandémie. Les restrictions de déplacement et de voyage, le commerce des services en a fortement pâti. Toutefois, la crise sanitaire n’a pas eu un impact négatif homogène sur tous les pays, certaines puissances profitent de cette situation et parviennent même à tirer leur épingle du jeu.
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala - DR
L’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) a réalisé une étude statistique “World Trade Statistical Review 2021” qui illustre les dégâts causés par la crise sanitaire sur la scène de l’économie mondiale, notamment au niveau du commerce de marchandises et notamment de services qui ont fortement pâti des restrictions mises en place pour endiguer la propagation du virus. Le volume du commerce mondial de marchandises a diminué de 5,3 % au cours de l’année 2020. En ce sens, la valeur des exportations a chuté de près de 8 % pour atteindre 17 580 milliards de dollars et la valeur des exportations de services commerciaux a diminué encore plus, de 20 %, pour atteindre 4 910 milliards de dollars en raison des restrictions, empêchant alors les prestations de services qui induisent une proximité physique.
Néanmoins, la reprise progressive du commerce mondial matérialisé par l’arrêt des restrictions ne profite qu’à quelques pays, comme la Chine qui en ressort comme le grand gagnant. En effet, la puissance asiatique a vu ses exportations fortement augmenter en raison de l’augmentation drastique de la croissance de la demande en produits manufacturés, ce qui a permis de contrecarrer les pertes occasionnées dans les domaines des loisirs et des voyages. Au cours de l’année 2020, le bond de la demande de produits électroniques a également permis à la Chine de se démarquer des autres puissances. Selon l'OMC, le continent asiatique a vu ses exportations bondir de 21 % au cours du premier semestre 2021 par rapport au premier semestre 2020, bien au-delà de la moyenne mondiale qui s’établit à 4,3 %.
Dans le domaine des exportations mondiales, la Chine a donc vu sa part de marché fortement augmenter pour s’établir à 18 % au premier trimestre 2021, 1,4 point de pourcentage de plus par rapport au quatrième trimestre 2019. En guise d’illustration, les exportations chinoises à destination des pays développés se sont fortement accrues, ainsi près d’un quart des importations européennes provient à l’heure actuelle de Chine.
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