Macro-économie / Taux
Macro-économie / Taux
La réduction - très attendue - du déficit commercial américain
La guerre commerciale est passée par là et la Chine a perdu des parts de marché. Au profit d'autres grands partenaires des États-Unis.
New York - Wall Street - statue de la liberté - banques - USA - Etats-Unis
Donald Trump va être ravi. Pour la première fois depuis 2013, le déficit commercial de l’Oncle Sam s’est réduit après avoir atteint un niveau historiquement important en 2018- le plus élevé depuis dix ans. Le déficit des biens et services a atteint 616,8 milliards de dollars en 2019 - en baisse de 1,7%. Les exportations ont diminué de 0,1% à 2.499,8 milliards et les importations de 0,4% à 3.116,5 milliards, selon les données du département du Commerce. En pourcentage du produit intérieur brut, le déficit en biens et services atteint donc 2,9 % en 2019, contre 3 % en 2018.
Sans surprise et en conséquence de la guerre commerciale avec la Chine, le déficit américain commercial en biens avec l'Empire du Milieu a diminué de 17,6% en 2019, pour atteindre 345,62 milliards de dollars, soit son plus bas niveau depuis 2014. Les exportations de biens vers la Chine ont, elles, chuté de 11,3%, tandis que les importations de biens en provenance de Chine ont diminué de 16,2 %. Cela a fait les affaires du Mexique et de l’Union Européenne, avec qui les États-Unis ont enregistré un déficit sans précédent - 101,8 et 177,9 milliards de dollars, respectivement. Le Canada en également profité avec une hausse de 41,9% de ses exportations à destination des États-Unis.
Au niveau sectoriel, les importations de biens d'équipement - en baisse de 14,4 milliards de dollars -, les accessoires informatiques et équipements de télécommunications - qui ont tous deux connu une baisse de 11,6 milliards de dollars - ont diminué. Cela est probablement dû à l’incertitude liée à la guerre commerciale, à laquelle ont dû faire face les entreprises américaines qui ont reporté leurs investissements. En revanche, les importations de biens de consommation courante telles que les vêtements, les chaussures de sport ou les ustensiles de cuisine, ont continué de progresser. Elles peuvent remercier la bonne tenue de la consommation des ménages liée à la croissance américaine et au taux de chômage très faible qui presse les salaires à la hausse.
Concernant les exportations, celles de soja ont crû de 8,2% après la débâcle qu’elles ont connu en 2018 à cause de la Chine. Un effet base donc, mais qui ne leur permet pas de retrouver le niveau qui était le leur avant la baisse de 18,2% en 2018. Autre élément qui n’a pas aider les exportations américaines : les déboires du 737 MAX de Boeing. De fait, les exportations d’avions civils ont dégringolé de 22,2%.
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