Macro-économie / Taux
Macro-économie / Taux
Les cryptomonnaies vont-elles favoriser le blanchiment d’argent ?
Le développement du secteur innovant des crypto-actifs, récemment réglementé par la loi PACTE de 2019, n'est pas sans risque. Mais son potentiel immense oblige aujourd'hui les organes de régulation à prendre le sujet à bras-le-corps de façon à permettre son développement tout en l'encadrant.
Banque de France - logo
Lors du forum annuel sur les Fintech organisé par le duo ACPR-AMF qui s’est tenu hier matin, le Secrétaire d'État chargé de la transition numérique et des communications électroniques, Cédric O, a insisté sur la nécessité, concernant les avancées technologiques du secteur bancaire, de se tenir sur la ligne de crête entre innovation et régulation. Toute la difficulté réside dans la volonté de ne pas brider les initiatives qui, par essence, se font en marge de la régulation actuelle tout en gardant suffisamment la mainmise sur ces nouveaux acteurs. Le but étant aussi de conserver un climat de confiance de la part des Français dans les institutions financières et dans leur monnaie. L’enjeu est d’autant plus important que si l’Europe ne demeure pas à l’avant-garde de la transition numérique, la Chine et les Etats-Unis prendront les devants et imposeront au reste du monde leurs propres systèmes.
Par ailleurs, si l’usage d’une cryptomonnaie privée venait à se généraliser, le risque de dépossession des Français de leur souveraineté démocratique n’est pas à exclure puisque ce mode de paiement ne serait pas soumis aux réglementations françaises et présenterait un réel danger de perte de traçabilité des transactions. “Il n’y a rien de plus souverain que la question de la monnaie”, a affirmé Cédric O au forum qui s’est tenu cette semaine. Afin de ne pas se laisser distancer, la Banque de France s’est lancée en 2020 dans un projet expérimental consistant à créer une “monnaie digitale de banque centrale” (MDBC) indexée sur l’euro. Elle a sélectionné huit sociétés sur candidature à cet effet, Accenture, Euroclear, HSBC, Iznes, LiquidShare, ProsperUS, Seba Bank et la Société Générale. Cette initiative constitue une première dans la zone euro. Son objectif est de développer à terme un "eurodigital" dont les mécanismes d’émission reposeraient sur des technologies comme celle de la blockchain.
Le développement de ces outils est encouragé par la Banque de France qui les considère également comme un axe essentiel du renforcement de la connaissance de la clientèle et de la prévention des transactions frauduleuses. Des dispositifs d’excellence ont été mis en place par des prestataires agrées par l'AMF afin d’identifier les comportements et portefeuilles anormaux. Leur utilisation est un moyen pour les opérateurs de maîtriser leur risque de blanchiment des capitaux et de financement du terrorisme (LCB-FT).
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