Les créanciers privés ne veulent pas renoncer à leurs intérêts

Macro-économie / Taux

Les créanciers privés ne veulent pas renoncer à leurs intérêts

Particulièrement frappés par la crise et confrontés à un mur de remboursements du service de leur dette, les pays émergents et en développement ont obtenu un délai supplémentaire pour payer leurs intérêts.

PAR Clémentine de la Motte

Emergents

Les pays émergents ont obtenu un sursis. En avril 2020 déjà, en pleine crise de la Covid, le G20 avait lancé une initiative de suspension du service de la dette (ISSD) pour les pays qui en feraient la demande. Cette initiative visait à accorder un moratoire, soit une suspension des intérêts de la dette jusqu'à la fin de l’année 2020. Ce moratoire sera prolongé de six mois. C'est ce qu'ont décidé les pays du G20 lors de la tenue de la réunion annuelle du FMI et de la Banque mondiale cette semaine. Les membres du G20 devraient également évaluer d'ici les réunions de printemps 2021 du FMI et de la Banque mondiale si la situation économique et financière exige une nouvelle prolongation de l'ISSD au-delà de ces six mois. Certains pays pourraient avoir besoin de plus de temps encore. Car les besoins de financement pour lutter contre la pandémie et la baisse d’activité économique vont lourdement peser sur les pays à faible revenu (PFR). Le FMI a ainsi révisé à la baisse ses prévisions de croissance pour les pays émergents et en développement (-5,7%) pour cette année. Et ces États sont aussi confrontés à des pics de remboursement auprès des créanciers privés. En 2020 et 2021, les remboursements des pays en développement à revenu élevé devraient atteindre entre 2000 et 2300 milliards de dollars et ceux des pays à revenu intermédiaire et à faible revenu entre 700 milliards et 1100 milliards de dollars.

Les créanciers publics, membres du Club de Paris, sont favorables à la prolongation de six mois du moratoire, mais souhaiteraient que les créanciers privés y participent également dans des conditions comparables aux leurs, lorsque les pays éligibles le demandent. À cet effet, une clause de comparabilité des traitements permettra de faire en sorte que le même régime soit appliqué aux deux types de bailleurs. Les créanciers privés y sont pour l’instant réticents. La Chine se rallie aux autres puissances mondiales pour encourager ces bailleurs à participer à cet effort d'allègement de la dette des pays à faibles revenus et considère que les pouvoirs publics y contribuent déjà suffisamment.

La période de remboursement sera de 5 ans, avec une période de grâce d'un an supplémentaire. Mais le G20 envisage de traiter les dettes des pays émergents au cas par cas. Un cadre de principe a été convenu à cette fin qui nécessite l'approbation des pays membres. Par ailleurs, le G20 a annoncé qu’il convoquera une réunion extraordinaire des ministres des finances et des gouverneurs de Banque centrale du G20 avant le sommet des Chefs d’État de novembre 2020 pour poursuivre les discussions.

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France : l'amélioration des comptes ne cache pas les handicaps structurels

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