Macro-économie / Taux
Macro-économie / Taux
L'Europe entre en jeu dans la course aux monnaies numériques
La pandémie a posé la grande question de la nécessité de repenser l'économie européenne afin de ne pas dépendre des circuits d’approvisionnement des États-Unis ou de la Chine. Cette question se pose aussi au regard de la monnaie. La BCE a lancé le 16 octobre une large consultation sur le sujet d'une devise numérique européenne.
Euro - logo
Du domaine du numérique dépendent tous les autres et derrière les transactions se cachent un nombre incalculable de données, sujet au cœur des préoccupations mondiales. Trois initiatives ont été prises afin d'assurer une souveraineté européenne : l’initiative européenne pour les paiements, ou EPI, qui est un réseau interbancaire de paiement paneuropéen visant à concurrencer Mastercard et Visa, le système “request to pay”, qui favorise le paiement instantané de factures électroniques, et le projet embryonnaire de l'Eurodigit.
Le développement d’une devise numérique européenne indexée sur l’euro s’est accéléré, depuis l’annonce en 2019 de la sortie prochaine d’une crypto monnaie, la Libra, développée par le groupe Facebook. La Banque centrale chinoise est aussi en train de développer un yuan numérique déjà testé dans plusieurs villes. Jusqu'à présent, à l’échelle de l’Union Européenne, deux projets sont en cours, le développement du krona numérique suédois, et de l’euro numérique de la Banque de France. Même s’il est difficile de prédire quel sera l'effet du développement des crypto-actifs, il est, aux yeux des dirigeants européens, primordial que l’Europe n'ait aucun retard sur le sujet qui pourrait être une révolution dans le monde des paiements.
Le e-euro que la Banque centrale européenne (BCE) projette de créer reposerait sur un mécanisme d’émission différent de celui d’une devise traditionnelle puisque les transactions passeraient par un Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) ou Blockchain qui permet de traiter en instantané plusieurs milliers de transactions et présente des avantages de traçabilité, de diminution des erreurs et d’impossibilité de fraude. Via ce dispositif, l’argent transite d’un porte-monnaie à un autre sans passer par une banque.
Jusqu’à présent la BCE consulte les citoyens sur le sujet ; suivra une période de tests de six mois et mi-2021 elle prendra la décision ou non d’aller plus loin. Plusieurs modèles sont envisagés. Une possibilité serait que la monnaie soit directement disponible pour les particuliers depuis la Banque centrale, sans intermédiation par les banques. “ En fonction des options retenues pour le mettre en œuvre, les effets que l'e-euro aura sur l’économie et sur les ratios de liquidité et solvabilité des banques pourront varier” selon Pierre Lahbabi, directeur général de la société Galitt, acteur dans le domaine des paiements. Une autre possibilité serait d’émettre cette e-euro depuis les Banques centrales à l’échelle nationale et d’en faire ainsi un levier de politique monétaire.
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