Macro-économie / Taux
Macro-économie / Taux
Le Livre Beige déplore le manque de main-d’œuvre aux Etats-Unis
Le Livre Beige, publié par la Réserve fédérale, a pointé du doigt différentes pénuries comme facteurs de ralentissement de la croissance américaine au début de l'automne.
Capitole - KAREN BLEIER / AFP
Dans son dernier Livre beige, la Fed relève que la croissance s’est poursuivie, mais de manière modérée à cause des pénuries de biens et de main-d'œuvre, ainsi que des craintes liées au variant Delta. Les entreprises espèrent une amélioration dans les prochains mois, ajoute ce résumé des commentaires des conditions économiques des Réserves fédérales de district (qui composent la Fed centrale).
Il manque trois millions de travailleurs pour retrouver le niveau de population active d’avant la crise, selon les données du département du Travail. D’après une enquête réalisée auprès des entreprises, les causes du problème le plus souvent citées sont : les difficultés de gardes d’enfants, l’obligation vaccinale et les absences liées au Covid-19. Malgré la réouverture des écoles, ce sont les places en crèche qui manquent. En effet, les crèches, qui sont des établissements privés et onéreux, peinent aussi à recruter du personnel. Ils sont de ce fait réduits à augmenter leur tarif et à diminuer leur capacité d’accueil.
Les secteurs des transports et des technologies sont particulièrement touchés par les pénuries de main-d'œuvre, comme les hôpitaux et les usines manufacturières, qui réduisent leur temps de travail et leur production. Pourtant, ce n’est pas faute de réagir. En effet, pour attirer les candidats, certaines compagnies offrent des primes à l’embauche, des horaires flexibles ou augmentent les congés payés et les salaires. L'offre sur le marché du travail est ainsi en position de force et pour continuer à faire augmenter les enchères, certains candidats arrivent aux entretiens avec une autre offre en main.
De ce fait, le salaire horaire moyen toutes catégories de travailleurs confondus est passé de 28,52 dollars en février 2020 à 30,85 dollars en septembre 2021, selon le département du Travail. Cette amélioration des conditions de travail est saluée par Janet Yellen, secrétaire au Trésor. D’autres sociétés ont trouvé des solutions pour remplacer les employés manquants comme l’automatisation et ont effectué des changements opérationnels.
Selon Randal Quarles, vice-président de la Réserve fédérale pour la supervision, il est “peu probable” que la participation au marché du travail de 61,6 % en septembre, retrouve son niveau de 63,4 % en février 2020. C’est d’autant moins probable qu’après l’expiration d’allocations au chômage plus généreuses le 6 septembre, l'effet attendu de ruée vers l’emploi n'a pas eu lieu.
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