Macro-économie / Taux
Macro-économie / Taux
Relocalisations industrielles : la Cour des comptes égratigne un dispositif gouvernemental / Ses effets bénéfiques resteraient encore à démontrer
Dans le cadre de son plan de relance de 100 milliards d’euros lancé en septembre 2020, le gouvernement avait consacré une enveloppe dédiée à la relocalisation des activités industrielles. D’après la Cour des comptes, rien n’indique que la souveraineté économique française serait sortie renforcée du déploiement du programme.
Pierre Moscovici, Premier président de la Cour des comptes - Virginie Haffner / Hans Lucas / Hans Lucas via AFP
Certains des moyens mobilisés par le gouvernement pour relocaliser des activités industrielles ne font pas l’unanimité. Dans le cadre du plan "France Relance" lancé à l’été 2020, l’exécutif avait consacré une enveloppe d’un milliard d’euros visant à soutenir des projets d’investissement d’entreprises implantées en France dans cinq secteurs identifiés comme stratégiques : l’agroalimentaire, la santé, l’électronique, les intrants essentiels à l’industrie et la 5G.
Au total, "531 projets d’investissements ont été retenus à l’issue de cet appel à projets et devraient bénéficier d’une subvention publique pour un coût total de 838 millions d’euros", explique la Cour des comptes, dans un rapport examinant l’efficacité du dispositif. "Seuls 33 des 531 projets retenus sont totalement terminés trois ans après le lancement de l’appel à projets", précisent les Sages de la rue Cambon.
Si elle estime que l’évaluation des effets du dispositif devra être conduite une fois la totalité des projets achevés en termes de souveraineté économique, emploi et relance de l’investissement industriel, la Cour des comptes juge que de premiers enseignements peuvent déjà être tirés. C’est ainsi que l’évolution en 2020 et 2021 de l’emploi et du chiffre d’affaires des entreprises bénéficiaires du programme est plus favorable que celle des entreprises non retenues. La Cour estime toutefois difficile d’imputer à ce stade ces résultats au dispositif "relocalisations sectorielles". En effet, "la comparaison porte sur les années particulières de sortie de la crise sanitaire et le dispositif a bénéficié à des entreprises qui étaient déjà plutôt en bonne santé", souligne-t-elle.
Par ailleurs, à propos des projets de relocalisations d’activités industrielles au sens strict, "il n’est pas possible de savoir si certaines catégories d’entreprises ont plus particulièrement utilisé le dispositif pour rapatrier en France des activités préalablement réalisées à l’étranger faute d’un outil de suivi de cet aspect", lit-on dans le rapport. En outre, concernant l’emploi, une extrapolation des données disponibles fait état de 11 700 ETP (équivalent temps plein) créés ou maintenus, "soit un niveau très éloigné de celui annoncé au moment de la création du dispositif".
Autre critique : l’existence potentielle d’effets d’aubaine, le caractère incitatif de l’aide étant "peu aisé à démontrer". La Cour des comptes rappelle que "des travaux ont notamment mis en évidence que la plupart des entreprises qui relocalisent le font indépendamment des aides publiques".
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