Macro-économie / Taux
Macro-économie / Taux
Réindustrialisation et productivité sont-elles toujours compatibles ? / Le marché du travail serait la clé
En France, la période d’après Covid a laissé place à une contraction de la productivité, et particulièrement dans le domaine de l’industrie avec une contribution de l’ordre de 35 % dans cette perte, alors que ce secteur compte pour seulement 9,3 % de la valeur ajoutée nationale brute, indique un rapport du ministère du Travail. La synthèse "productivité et politique industrielle : deux défis à relever conjointement", rédigée par Marie Desjeux, chargée d’étude à La Fabrique de l’Industrie, expose les conditions nécessaires pour une possible combinaison entre productivité et réindustrialisation.
Un employé travaille sur la ligne de production de la nouvelle voiture électrique Peugeot e-3008 le 12 septembre 2023 à l'usine Stellantis à Sochaux, France. (Photo ARNAUD FINISTRE / AFP)
La croissance française a besoin d’être renforcée, mais l’augmentation de la productivité et la réindustrialisation restent deux critères compliqués à combiner. Une étude du think tank la Fabrique de l’Industrie vient confirmer cela en expliquant que la désindustrialisation découle elle-même, des "gains de productivité réalisés dans l’industrie qui ont accéléré la croissance de la demande de services (tant les services aux entreprises désireuses d’accroître leur valeur ajoutée que les services consommés par une population qui s’enrichissait)". En effet, ces gains de productivité élevés ont provoqué "une baisse de l’emploi industriel ainsi qu’un repli relatif de la valeur ajoutée manufacturière, liée à la baisse des prix, au sein du PIB", explique l’étude.
Une possible mise en place d’activités industrielles productives
Au niveau économique, Marie Desjeux, chargée d’études à la Fabrique de l’Industrie, indique qu’il existe cependant des moyens d’actions afin de réussir à aligner productivité et réindustrialisation. Pour cela, elle cite notamment une enquête réalisée par la Banque de France qui explique qu’il est nécessaire de faire correspondre l’offre et la demande sur le marché du travail afin de permettre à la productivité de progresser. Effectivement, selon une étude de la Banque de France "les entreprises industrielles sont 81 % à pointer les difficultés de recrutement comme facteur important ou très important à l’origine de la baisse de leur productivité depuis 2019 ".
Pour parvenir à développer productivité et politique industrielle conjointement, le rapport publié par le laboratoire d’idées, énonce qu’il faudrait assurer une meilleure mobilité intra-sectorielle des capitaux et des travailleurs. Une étude du Fonds monétaire international (FMI) indique que ce critère est en bonne voie grâce à la mise en place de plusieurs politiques qui contribueront à relancer la croissance à moyen terme grâce à "l’amélioration de l’affectation du travail et du capital entre les entreprises à la lutte contre les pénuries de main-d’œuvre liées au vieillissement de la population dans les grands pays".
Ainsi, allier productivité et réindustrialisation suggère une réallocation des facteurs de production en direction des entreprises industrielles à fort potentiel. Cela peut être possible, dans la mesure où, le marché du travail est fluidifié et l’accès au financement est avantagé dans le but de garantir une meilleure allocation des ressources, d’après la note.
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