Macro-économie / Taux / fret martime
Macro-économie / Taux
fret martime
Confrontation aux limites de la mondialisation
La crise sans précédent que le monde traverse fait mesurer aux grandes puissances économiques l’ampleur de leur dépendance à l’approvisionnement depuis des pays étrangers. Mais tous les continents ne sont pas égaux.
CMA CGM
Un sujet d’inquiétude pour les entreprises françaises : les grands armateurs préfèrent maintenant déployer leurs navires sur les grandes routes Asie - États-Unis beaucoup plus rentables. La forte demande sur cette route maritime leur permet de relever leurs taux de fret en hausse depuis juillet d’après le cabinet britannique Drewry. La reprise est telle sur la ligne Trans pacifique que Monsieur Saadé, P.-D.G. de CMA CGM, affirmait le 17 novembre dans un entretien au Monde que "tout ce qui est disponible est sur les mers". CMA CGM se targue de connaître une hausse globale de 1,7 % des volumes transportés entre l'Asie et les États-Unis. Le plan de relance massif de Washington y a participé selon l’armateur, ainsi que le développement de l’e-commerce, positif pour les porte-conteneurs.
Grâce à cette reprise, aussitôt la première vague de pandémie passée, le commerce a retrouvé sans trop de peine son rythme habituel. La Conférence des nations unies sur le commerce et le développement (Cnuced) estime que le commerce maritime connaîtra un repli de 4,1 %. Mais les conséquences de la crise actuelle sur le fret maritime n’ont rien de comparable à celles post-crise financière de 2008-2009 où le quatrième armateur mondial avait failli sombrer selon les propos de son directeur général, Rodolphe Saadé. Il ajoute que cette année, le redressement observé au troisième trimestre devrait se poursuivre au quatrième trimestre. Le fret maritime devrait par ailleurs croître de 4,8 % en 2021, et pourrait retrouver son niveau de 2019 dès 2022 selon le rapport de la Cnuced sur le commerce maritime mondial, paru ce mois-ci.
Le déséquilibre entre les lignes maritimes, engendré par cette nouvelle affectation des navires est cependant alarmant. Tandis que dans certaines zones comme en Asie, on assiste à un excédent de containers, les entreprises européennes font face à une pénurie de containers dans les principaux ports commerciaux et sont contraintes pour certaines, de reporter leurs exportations. Cette pandémie "ébranle le transport maritime mondial et jette les bases d’une transformation du secteur, et des chaînes d’approvisionnement qu’il dessert", indique le rapport annuel de la Cnuced. Les tensions commerciales entre la Chine et les États-Unis, les catastrophes climatiques en Australie, les incertitudes liées au Brexit sont autant d’évènements qui ont également pesé sur les échanges internationaux cette année. Mais on semble davantage assister à une plus grande polarisation du monde qu'à un phénomène de démondialisation.
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