Macro-économie / Taux / monnaie digitale / MDBC
Macro-économie / Taux
monnaie digitale / MDBC
Une avalanche de nouvelles monnaies digitales
Le mois dernier et le précédent ont été rythmés par des annonces de création de monnaies digitales de banques centrales (MDBC) des quatre coins du monde. Les projets pilotes se multiplient mais nous n’en sommes pas pour autant à l’heure du bilan.
bitcoin
Le Japon annonçait ce mardi la création d’un yen numérique expérimental pour 2021, test auquel participent plus de 30 entreprises nippones : des grandes banques, des sociétés de courtage, de télécommunications etc. En parallèle de cette démonstration japonaise d’un intérêt pour les cryptos actifs, de l’autre côté de l’océan Pacifique, le député Ignacio Torres soumettait le 11 novembre dernier au Parlement argentin un projet de loi ayant pour objet la légalisation des crypto actifs et le lancement d’une monnaie numérique. Quelques semaines plus tôt, les Bahamas émettaient du Sand dollar, première MDBC (monnaie digitale de banque centrale) au monde en circulation.
Dès le début de l'année, le processus était en réalité déjà bien enclenché. La Chine, premier pays à s’y être intéressé, a mené des tests au cours du premier confinement et prévoit un déploiement de sa crypto monnaie courant 2022. Selon une étude de la banque des règlements internationaux (BIS) datant du mois de janvier, des recherches à propos des MDBC ont été engagées par 80 % des banques centrales, et 50 % des banques centrales ont déjà travaillé sur une preuve de concept selon l’analyste David Derhy de eToro. Certains pays, tels que l’Ukraine ou l’Uruguay, ont terminé leur phase de test.
L’Europe est aussi concernée par la ruée vers les crypto monnaies. En Espagne, le Sénat a approuvé au début du mois une loi pour la transformation digitale et courant octobre la banque de France publiait son rapport sur la création d’un euro digital et soumettait sa proposition aux citoyens français. D’après Christine Lagarde, les MDBC devraient devenir une réalité d’ici 2 à 4 ans, ce qui renforcera la tendance actuelle de démocratisation des investissements en crypto actifs. Cette avalanche d’annonce est concomitante avec le succès que connaît le premier entrant sur le marché de la monnaie digitale, le Bitcoin, dont la cote dépasse les 18 000 dollars.
Mais si tous les pays se lancent dans la course aux crypto actifs, que donnent les tests réalisés ? Un cas intéressant est celui de l’Équateur, où la mise à disposition d’une monnaie numérique fût un échec si bien que le gouvernement équatorien a finalement décidé d’abandonner cette monnaie en 2018. Le système comptait seulement 11 millions de dollars de dépôt et avait suscité la création de 402 515 comptes de cette devise digitale, dont 70 % d’entre eux restaient inutilisés. Difficile de prédire ce qu’il adviendra pour les autres pays. Le prochain verdict tombera lorsque les Bahamas pourront évaluer les bienfaits de la mise en circulation depuis maintenant plus d’un mois d’une monnaie numérique souveraine.
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